Paroles de cheminants: des gens du voyage regardent les autres suisses romands

Les « Cheminants »*, terme utilisé dans ces pages pour parler des Gens du Voyage suisses, sont présents un peu partout dans ce pays depuis des siècles. La plupart sont Yéniches, d’autres sont Manouches : ils constituent donc une minorité non pas uniquement nationale, mais aussi transnationale. Ce travail de recherche ne s’intéresse pas aux traits culturels de ce groupe, mais au regard que les Cheminants posent sur leurs compatriotes Suisses romands. Quelle image se font-ils des Suisses romands ? Cette image est-elle hétérogène ? Peut-elle s’expliquer à la lumière des relations entre ces groupes, ou alors à la lumière des mécanismes de valorisation de l’identité sociale d’un groupe ? Après une présentation de concepts à propos des perceptions et des relations intergroupes, ce travail propose une exploration de l’histoire des relations entre Cheminants et Suisses ainsi qu’un aperçu de la réalité sociale actuelle de ce groupe en Suisse. Le « cheminement » du chercheur en direction de cette minorité, ses questions, ses problèmes et ses découvertes sont présentées. Cela permettra au lecteur de prendre connaissance de la position du chercheur, mais aussi de découvrir la démarche de déconstruction que celui-ci a mené à propos des représentations qu’il associait à cette minorité. Sept entretiens approfondis avec des Cheminants figurent dans cet ouvrage sous forme de portraits. Chacun de ceux-ci est suivi par un texte destiné à résumer ainsi qu’à tenter d’analyser son contenu. Une analyse transversale des entretiens par le biais de la discussion des hypothèses est aussi proposée. Ce travail de recherche se termine sur des éléments qui questionnent et proposent des pistes non seulement aux pratiques professionnelles de l’animation socioculturelle et du travail social en général, mais aussi à tout un chacun dans sa manière de percevoir l’autre et d’être en relation avec celui-c

The Homeostasis Protocol: Avoiding Transaction Coordination Through Program Analysis

Datastores today rely on distribution and replication to achieve improved performance and fault-tolerance. But correctness of many applications depends on strong consistency properties - something that can impose substantial overheads, since it requires coordinating the behavior of multiple nodes. This paper describes a new approach to achieving strong consistency in distributed systems while minimizing communication between nodes. The key insight is to allow the state of the system to be inconsistent during execution, as long as this inconsistency is bounded and does not affect transaction correctness. In contrast to previous work, our approach uses program analysis to extract semantic information about permissible levels of inconsistency and is fully automated. We then employ a novel homeostasis protocol to allow sites to operate independently, without communicating, as long as any inconsistency is governed by appropriate treaties between the nodes. We discuss mechanisms for optimizing treaties based on workload characteristics to minimize communication, as well as a prototype implementation and experiments that demonstrate the benefits of our approach on common transactional benchmarks

A near infrared frequency comb for Y+J band astronomical spectroscopy

Radial velocity (RV) surveys supported by high precision wavelength references (notably ThAr lamps and I2 cells) have successfully identified hundreds of exoplanets; however, as the search for exoplanets moves to cooler, lower mass stars, the optimum wave band for observation for these objects moves into the near infrared (NIR) and new wavelength standards are required. To address this need we are following up our successful deployment of an H band(1.45-1.7{\mu}m) laser frequency comb based wavelength reference with a comb working in the Y and J bands (0.98-1.3{\mu}m). This comb will be optimized for use with a 50,000 resolution NIR spectrograph such as the Penn State Habitable Zone Planet Finder. We present design and performance details of the current Y+J band comb.Comment: Submitted to SPIE, conference proceedings 845

Fundamentos cognitivos para o ensino da leitura

In this paper we will present some theoretic basis to reading education based on recent studies of neuroscience and cognitive sciences. Reading, as a cognitive process, should be comprehended in all its levels of processing so that education can identify and answer students’ necessities. Firstly, we will broach the reading processing from the most basic level, decoding, to the most advanced level, comprehension. Then, we will explore cognitive functions that aren’t exclusive of reading, such as memory, emotion and learning. Finally, we propose an integrated vision of these processes, considering the intrinsic relation between language, cognition and culture that undergo all our activities, emphasizing the role of culture and education in cognitive development.Neste artigo, revisamos alguns fundamentos teóricos para o ensino da leitura baseados em recentes estudos das neurociências e ciências cognitivas. A leitura, enquanto processo cognitivo, deve ser compreendida em todos os seus níveis de processamento para que o ensino possa identificar e atender às necessidades do aluno. Primeiramente, abordamos o processamento da leitura do nível mais básico, a decodificação, ao nível mais avançado, a compreensão. Em seguida, exploramos funções cognitivas que não são exclusivas da leitura, a memória, a emoção e a aprendizagem. Por fim, propomos uma visão integrada desses processos, considerando a intrínseca relação entre língua, cognição e cultura, a qual permeia todas as nossas atividades, destacando o papel da cultura e da educação no desenvolvimento cognitivo

Fine-grained disclosure control for app ecosystems

The modern computing landscape contains an increasing number of app ecosystems, where users store personal data on platforms such as Facebook or smartphones. APIs enable third-party applications (apps) to utilize that data. A key concern associated with app ecosystems is the confidentiality of user data. In this paper, we develop a new model of disclosure in app ecosystems. In contrast with previous solutions, our model is data-derived and semantically meaningful. Information disclosure is modeled in terms of a set of distinguished security views. Each query is labeled with the precise set of security views that is needed to answer it, and these labels drive policy decisions. We explain how our disclosure model can be used in practice and provide algorithms for labeling conjunctive queries for the case of single-atom security views. We show that our approach is useful by demonstrating the scalability of our algorithms and by applying it to the real-world disclosure control system used by Facebook

A High-Resolution Atlas of Uranium-Neon in the H Band

We present a high-resolution (R ~ 50 000) atlas of a uranium-neon (U/Ne) hollow-cathode spectrum in the H-band (1454 nm to 1638 nm) for the calibration of near-infrared spectrographs. We obtained this U/Ne spectrum simultaneously with a laser-frequency comb spectrum, which we used to provide a first-order calibration to the U/Ne spectrum. We then calibrated the U/Ne spectrum using the recently-published uranium line list of Redman et al. (2011), which is derived from high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer measurements. These two independent calibrations allowed us to easily identify emission lines in the hollow cathode lamp that do not correspond to known (classified) lines of either uranium or neon, and to compare the achievable precision of each source. Our frequency comb precision was limited by modal noise and detector effects, while the U/Ne precision was limited primarily by the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the observed emission lines and our ability to model blended lines. The standard deviation in the dispersion solution residuals from the S/N-limited U/Ne hollow cathode lamp were 50% larger than the standard deviation of the dispersion solution residuals from the modal-noise-limited laser frequency comb. We advocate the use of U/Ne lamps for precision calibration of near-infrared spectrographs, and this H-band atlas makes these lamps significantly easier to use for wavelength calibration.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, submitted and accepted in ApJSS. Online-only material to be published online by ApJS

First results from the VIRIAL survey: the stellar content of UVJUVJ-selected quiescent galaxies at 1.5<z<21.5 < z < 2 from KMOS

We investigate the stellar populations of 25 massive, galaxies ($\log[M_\ast/M_\odot] \geq 10.9$) at $1.5 < z < 2$ using data obtained with the K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) on the ESO VLT. Targets were selected to be quiescent based on their broadband colors and redshifts using data from the 3D-HST grism survey. The mean redshift of our sample is $\bar{z} = 1.75$, where KMOS YJ-band data probe age- and metallicity-sensitive absorption features in the rest-frame optical, including the $G$ band, Fe I, and high-order Balmer lines. Fitting simple stellar population models to a stack of our KMOS spectra, we derive a mean age of $1.03^{+0.13}_{-0.08}$ Gyr. We confirm previous results suggesting a correlation between color and age for quiescent galaxies, finding mean ages of $1.22^{+0.56}_{-0.19}$ Gyr and $0.85^{+0.08}_{-0.05}$ Gyr for the reddest and bluest galaxies in our sample. Combining our KMOS measurements with those obtained from previous studies at $0.2 < z < 2$ we find evidence for a $2-3$ Gyr spread in the formation epoch of massive galaxies. At $z < 1$ the measured stellar ages are consistent with passive evolution, while at $1 < z \lesssim2$ they appear to saturate at $\sim$1 Gyr, which likely reflects changing demographics of the (mean) progenitor population. By comparing to star-formation histories inferred for "normal" star-forming galaxies, we show that the timescales required to form massive galaxies at $z \gtrsim 1.5$ are consistent with the enhanced $\alpha$-element abundances found in massive local early-type galaxies.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Global Projections of Intense Tropical Cyclone Activity for the Late Twenty-First Century from Dynamical Downscaling of CMIP5/RCP4.5 Scenarios

Global projections of intense tropical cyclone activity are derived from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM; 50-km grid) and the GFDL hurricane model using a two-stage downscaling procedure. First, tropical cyclone genesis is simulated globally using HiRAM. Each storm is then downscaled into the GFDL hurricane model, with horizontal grid spacing near the storm of 6 km, including ocean coupling (e.g., cold wake generation). Simulations are performed using observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (1980-2008) for a control run with 20 repeating seasonal cycles and for a late-twenty-first-century projection using an altered SST seasonal cycle obtained from a phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5)/representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) multimodel ensemble. In general agreement with most previous studies, projections with this framework indicate fewer tropical cyclones globally in a warmer late-twenty-first-century climate, but also an increase in average cyclone intensity, precipitation rates, and the number and occurrence days of very intense category 4 and 5 storms. While these changes are apparent in the globally averaged tropical cyclone statistics, they are not necessarily present in each individual basin. The interbasin variation of changes in most of the tropical cyclone metrics examined is directly correlated to the variation in magnitude of SST increases between the basins. Finally, the framework is shown to be capable of reproducing both the observed global distribution of outer storm size-albeit with a slight high bias-and its interbasin variability. Projected median size is found to remain nearly constant globally, with increases in most basins offset by decreases in the northwest Pacific